whythelongface wrote:1. Virions (henceforth "viruses") are much larger than virions.
2. Viruses have a proteinaceous capsid and a nucleic acid core, whereas viroids are just RNA sequences.
3. Viruses can infect both animals and plants, whereas viroids only infect plants.
4. Viruses can direct protein production to create viral proteins, whereas viroids are completely dependent on the host enzymes to create copies of the viroid RNA.
5. Many viroids are self-catalyzing, which is not true of viruses.
6. Some viruses can have DNA, whereas viroids are purely RNA-based.
1. Lol I think you meant larger than viroids
Otherwise is correct
Ah, yes, I am completely scatterbrained today.
Describe the five stages of biofilm development.
WESTWINDSOR-PLAINSBOROHIGHSCHOOLSOUTH'18 EMORYUNIVERSITY'22
SONT 2017 5th Place Medalist [Microbe Mission]
"One little Sciolyer left all alone,
He went out and hanged himself and then there were none."
Congratulations to WW-P South/Grover for winning 2nd/1st place at NJ States!
1. Attachment - bacteria come into the body and attach in various areas of the digestive, excretory, and urinary systems.
2. Adhesion - bacteria anchor into the wall; they form a platform in which they can build other bacteria on.
3. Aggregation - formation of microcolonies
4. Growth & maturation - form complex structures that separate bacteria but have channels between them to provide nutrients and water.
5. Detachment - bacteria detach and from the colony, attach themselves elsewhere, and the whole cycle starts again.
1. Attachment - bacteria come into the body and attach in various areas of the digestive, excretory, and urinary systems.
2. Adhesion - bacteria anchor into the wall; they form a platform in which they can build other bacteria on.
3. Aggregation - formation of microcolonies
4. Growth & maturation - form complex structures that separate bacteria but have channels between them to provide nutrients and water.
5. Detachment - bacteria detach and from the colony, attach themselves elsewhere, and the whole cycle starts again.
Correct, your turn.
WESTWINDSOR-PLAINSBOROHIGHSCHOOLSOUTH'18 EMORYUNIVERSITY'22
SONT 2017 5th Place Medalist [Microbe Mission]
"One little Sciolyer left all alone,
He went out and hanged himself and then there were none."
Congratulations to WW-P South/Grover for winning 2nd/1st place at NJ States!
Nano1llus10n wrote:1. What does a Svedberg unit measure and what is it associated with?
2. List as many details as you can about bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes.
1. A Svedberg unit measures the length of time for a particular cellular lysate to sediment while centrifuging. That means it measures molecular weight, i.e. higher molecular weight lysate will sediment faster. I think that's what the "S" in the ribosomal subunit names stands for?
2. Bacterial and prokaryotic ribosomes: 30S and 50S, form a 70S ribosome. Bacteria can allow translation to occur simultaneously by having multiple of these 70S ribosomes reading the same mRNA. In eukaryotes, there exists a 40S and 60S subunit, which comprise of the 80S eukaryotic ribosome. These are usually attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, and so cannot translate simultaneously. The ribosomes themselves are comprised of many small proteins and ribosomal RNA. The two larger subunit also contains the critical translation sites: the site where the aminoacyl-tRNA binds to the codon, the site where the amino acid forms the peptide bond with the previous amino acid, and the site where the tRNA separates and leaves (I forgot their names, were they TAP or something?) The polypeptide itself experiences initiation, when the initiation site first reads "AUG" and directs the methionyl-tRNA to bind. Then, the chain elongates and finally terminates when the "stop" codon is reached.The isolation of ribosomes requires the lysate to be purged of all free protein by a detergent, usually SDS. DNA and RNA can then be either denatured or simply salted out. Bacterial ribosomes are inhibited by tetracyclines and macrolides. While toxic to humans in large concentrations, these antibiotics target specifically prokaryotic ribosomes.
Edit: Wikipedia tells me the svedberg is indeed a unit of time, E-13 seconds.
WESTWINDSOR-PLAINSBOROHIGHSCHOOLSOUTH'18 EMORYUNIVERSITY'22
SONT 2017 5th Place Medalist [Microbe Mission]
"One little Sciolyer left all alone,
He went out and hanged himself and then there were none."
Congratulations to WW-P South/Grover for winning 2nd/1st place at NJ States!
whythelongface wrote:Describe in detail how ELISA works.
In a direct ELISA an antigen is first attached to the 96-well plate. Then, an antibody is added to the plate. This antibody has an enzyme attached to it (for example HRP, horseradish peroxidase). Then a substrate (for example, TMB) is added. The enzyme facilitates a reaction of that substrate (decomposition, I think) that causes a color change. In the case of the HRP enzyme and TMB substrate, the reaction must be stopped (or "quenched") with acid. Then the plate is read under a plate reader to determine the absorbacnce of each well. When a standard curve of samples with known concentrations is included at the first step then the concentrations of unknown antibody samples (or antigen samples, if you varied those) can be extrapolated.
In an indirect Elisa the method is the same except before adding the antibody with the enzyme attached (known here as the secondary antibody) you first add a primary antibody which binds to the antigen. Then the secondary antibody (with enzyme attached) binds to the primary antibody.
There's also a sandwich Elisa, where instead of the plate being coated with antigen it a coated with an antibody. Then the antigen is added and the rest is the same.
Edit: forgot to add competition ELISAs, where an antigen (could be the same or could be slightly different to the coated antigen) is added with the primary antibody, to measure the ability of the antigen solution to compete with the plated antigen for the antibodies' epitopes.
Also, ELISA= Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay
Wow, that was a lot of typing.
Can you explain how this relates to Microbe Mission? I don't see how this relates to the rules at all. Maybe as a way of testing for a disease, but if so that would be uselessly specific info.
Last edited by Alex-RCHS on Sun Oct 01, 2017 10:31 am, edited 1 time in total.
whythelongface wrote:Describe in detail how ELISA works.
In a direct ELISA an antigen is first attached to the 96-well plate. Then, an antibody is added to the plate. This antibody has an enzyme attached to it (for example HRP, horseradish peroxidase). Then a substrate (for example, TMB) is added. The enzyme facilitates a reaction of that substrate (decomposition, I think) that causes a color change. In the case of the HRP enzyme and TMB substrate, the reaction must be stopped (or "quenched") with acid. Then the plate is read under a plate reader to determine the absorbacnce of each well. When a standard curve of samples with known concentrations is included at the first step then the concentrations of unknown antibody samples (or antigen samples, if you varied those) can be extrapolated.
In an indirect Elisa the method is the same except before adding the antibody with the enzyme attached (known here as the secondary antibody) you first add a primary antibody which binds to the antigen. Then the secondary antibody (with enzyme attached) binds to the primary antibody.
There's also a sandwich Elisa, where instead of the plate being coated with antigen it a coated with an antibody. Then the antigen is added and the rest is the same.
Wow, that was a lot of typing.
Can you explain how this relates to Microbe Mission? I don't see how this relates to the rules at all. Maybe as a way of testing for a disease, but if so that would be uselessly specific info.
Sorry, I shouldn't have added the "in detail" part. I was originally planning to have it centered on antigen detection, but you're right, it was way too specific.
Your turn.
WESTWINDSOR-PLAINSBOROHIGHSCHOOLSOUTH'18 EMORYUNIVERSITY'22
SONT 2017 5th Place Medalist [Microbe Mission]
"One little Sciolyer left all alone,
He went out and hanged himself and then there were none."
Congratulations to WW-P South/Grover for winning 2nd/1st place at NJ States!
whythelongface wrote:Describe in detail how ELISA works.
In a direct ELISA an antigen is first attached to the 96-well plate. Then, an antibody is added to the plate. This antibody has an enzyme attached to it (for example HRP, horseradish peroxidase). Then a substrate (for example, TMB) is added. The enzyme facilitates a reaction of that substrate (decomposition, I think) that causes a color change. In the case of the HRP enzyme and TMB substrate, the reaction must be stopped (or "quenched") with acid. Then the plate is read under a plate reader to determine the absorbacnce of each well. When a standard curve of samples with known concentrations is included at the first step then the concentrations of unknown antibody samples (or antigen samples, if you varied those) can be extrapolated.
In an indirect Elisa the method is the same except before adding the antibody with the enzyme attached (known here as the secondary antibody) you first add a primary antibody which binds to the antigen. Then the secondary antibody (with enzyme attached) binds to the primary antibody.
There's also a sandwich Elisa, where instead of the plate being coated with antigen it a coated with an antibody. Then the antigen is added and the rest is the same.
Wow, that was a lot of typing.
Can you explain how this relates to Microbe Mission? I don't see how this relates to the rules at all. Maybe as a way of testing for a disease, but if so that would be uselessly specific info.
I think that understanding how ELISA is used to test for disease is a valid Microbe Mission question. Not an easy question, but valid, especially in the case of testing for HIV.
