JonB wrote:I will get around to uploading an exam. Until then, a relatively straight forward question:
What are two differences between probiotics and prebiotics? Additionally, give two specific examples of human probiotics and two examples of human prebiotics.
prebiotics are nindigestible carbohydrates that act as good for probiotics, whereas probiotics are beneficial bacteria that have been linked with digestion benefits. Two examples of probiotic-rich foods are kefir and acidophilus milk. Some prebiotics include garlic and onion
Good answers! Your definitions are right on. Can you give me specific examples (such as genus and species) of (potentially) probiotic strains (there is plenty of debate out there whether they are helpful or not but certain species are used extremely commonly because they are thought to be beneficial)? Also, can you give two specific examples of prebiotic molecules? The class of molecule you gave is correct but I would want more specific examples.
Some probiotic species: streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacterium animalis, lactobaccilus acidophilus. Prebiotic molecules: TOS's and Inulins? Not too sure.
prebiotics are nindigestible carbohydrates that act as good for probiotics, whereas probiotics are beneficial bacteria that have been linked with digestion benefits. Two examples of probiotic-rich foods are kefir and acidophilus milk. Some prebiotics include garlic and onion
Good answers! Your definitions are right on. Can you give me specific examples (such as genus and species) of (potentially) probiotic strains (there is plenty of debate out there whether they are helpful or not but certain species are used extremely commonly because they are thought to be beneficial)? Also, can you give two specific examples of prebiotic molecules? The class of molecule you gave is correct but I would want more specific examples.
Some probiotic species: streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacterium animalis, lactobaccilus acidophilus. Prebiotic molecules: TOS's and Inulins? Not too sure.
Good answers! Some of those species have shown to potentially offer benefit to the consumer. Your prebiotic molecules are correct! I have a follow-up probiotic question but we will wait on it for now.
sciduck wrote:Describe three ways to culture viruses and a few pros and cons for each.
1.grown in organ culture P. differentiated cells C: Organs don't last and is still expensive 2. embryonated eggs P. relatively cheap and can mass produce viruses C: It's hard to inoculate the shelled egg and you can't see the effects of the virus 3.lab animals P. some viruses can be controlled and you can notice effects of the virus on whole body system C. expensive to maintain animal health
sciduck wrote:Describe three ways to culture viruses and a few pros and cons for each.
1. Bacterial culture - culture virus on a plate of bacteria on agar
Pros: observable by naked eye (plaque formation), easy to estimate original concentration of virus by number of plaques
Cons: Only bacteriophages are able to be cultured in this manner. Also, phages are species-specific.
2. Chick embryo - inject virus into eggs, inoculate and examine embryo a few days later
Pros: different viruses form different pocks, so it's very good at distinguishing different viruses. Also, eggs are very sterile.
Cons: viruses are tissue-specific
3. Tissue culture - tissue is isolated from an animal and grown in nutrient medium. Virus is then introduced and inoculated.
Pros: direct observation of effect of virus on target tissue.
Cons: Tissue dies very easily, keeping it alive is very hard.
Edit: Nano was there first.
WESTWINDSOR-PLAINSBOROHIGHSCHOOLSOUTH'18 EMORYUNIVERSITY'22
SONT 2017 5th Place Medalist [Microbe Mission]
"One little Sciolyer left all alone,
He went out and hanged himself and then there were none."
Congratulations to WW-P South/Grover for winning 2nd/1st place at NJ States!
1. Virions (henceforth "viruses") are much larger than virions.
2. Viruses have a proteinaceous capsid and a nucleic acid core, whereas viroids are just RNA sequences.
3. Viruses can infect both animals and plants, whereas viroids only infect plants.
4. Viruses can direct protein production to create viral proteins, whereas viroids are completely dependent on the host enzymes to create copies of the viroid RNA.
5. Many viroids are self-catalyzing, which is not true of viruses.
6. Some viruses can have DNA, whereas viroids are purely RNA-based.
WESTWINDSOR-PLAINSBOROHIGHSCHOOLSOUTH'18 EMORYUNIVERSITY'22
SONT 2017 5th Place Medalist [Microbe Mission]
"One little Sciolyer left all alone,
He went out and hanged himself and then there were none."
Congratulations to WW-P South/Grover for winning 2nd/1st place at NJ States!
whythelongface wrote:1. Virions (henceforth "viruses") are much larger than virions.
2. Viruses have a proteinaceous capsid and a nucleic acid core, whereas viroids are just RNA sequences.
3. Viruses can infect both animals and plants, whereas viroids only infect plants.
4. Viruses can direct protein production to create viral proteins, whereas viroids are completely dependent on the host enzymes to create copies of the viroid RNA.
5. Many viroids are self-catalyzing, which is not true of viruses.
6. Some viruses can have DNA, whereas viroids are purely RNA-based.
1. Lol I think you meant larger than viroids
Otherwise is correct
