Anatomy & Physiology B/C

[Uber]

Edit: Accident double post

[sciolyFTW_aku]

I see.
Describe the three steps of bone remodeling. Include any relevant minerals, enzymes, and cells.

I have not studied about the three steps (I believe the third step you are talking about is reversal, but I'm not really sure what that is ), so here's an explanation involving the two main steps:

Answer (Click to Show Hidden Text)

In the process of bone remodeling, there are two main processes: bone deposition and resorption. The first process that occurs is bone resorption. In bone resorption, osteoclasts digest old bone. They secrete lysosomal enzymes that digest the organic matrix and metabolic acids, which convert calcium salts into soluble forms that can pass easily into the solution. As the organic matrix is being degraded, the mineral salts leach out, and calcium and phosphorus ions enter the interstitial fluid. The rate of bone resorption is increased by the parathyroid hormone, which stimulates osteoclasts. On the other hand, after the old bone has been resorbed, bone deposition takes place. Osteoblasts deposit organic bone matrix. For optimal bone deposition, proteins, vitamin C, vitamin A, and several other minerals must be present. The osteoblasts secrete the bone matrix, which forms an osteoid seam. In addition to this, hydroxyapatite crystals are formed due to the precipitation of calcium salts. Bone deposition is controlled by calcitonin, which stimulates osteoblasts to deposit bone matrix.

[Uber]

I have not studied about the three steps (I believe the third step you are talking about is reversal, but I'm not really sure what that is ), so here's an explanation involving the two main steps:

Answer (Click to Show Hidden Text)

In the process of bone remodeling, there are two main processes: bone deposition and resorption. The first process that occurs is bone resorption. In bone resorption, osteoclasts digest old bone. They secrete lysosomal enzymes that digest the organic matrix and metabolic acids, which convert calcium salts into soluble forms that can pass easily into the solution. As the organic matrix is being degraded, the mineral salts leach out, and calcium and phosphorus ions enter the interstitial fluid. The rate of bone resorption is increased by the parathyroid hormone, which stimulates osteoclasts. On the other hand, after the old bone has been resorbed, bone deposition takes place. Osteoblasts deposit organic bone matrix. For optimal bone deposition, proteins, vitamin C, vitamin A, and several other minerals must be present. The osteoblasts secrete the bone matrix, which forms an osteoid seam. In addition to this, hydroxyapatite crystals are formed due to the precipitation of calcium salts. Bone deposition is controlled by calcitonin, which stimulates osteoblasts to deposit bone matrix.

The paper I read was activation xP, so I don't actually know what reversal is either.
Activation is just change in RANKL to osteoprotegerin ratio activates osteoclasts (which is 99% not on a test). The rest is good.

[sciolyFTW_aku]

Yay!

Question (Click to Show Hidden Text)

Diagnose Bob's condition:

Bob is a 35-year old with severely shortened limbs. He has a unusually large forehead, and he has stubby fingers and trident hands. His X-ray reveals he has a smaller skull base and a narrower foramen magnum. His doctors tell him this is no cure for his condition, but they recommend surgery for his kyphosis. What is his condition?

[bhavjain]

Yay!

Question (Click to Show Hidden Text)

Diagnose Bob's condition:

Bob is a 35-year old with severely shortened limbs. He has a unusually large forehead, and he has stubby fingers and trident hands. His X-ray reveals he has a smaller skull base and a narrower foramen magnum. His doctors tell him this is no cure for his condition, but they recommend surgery for his kyphosis. What is his condition?

Answer (Click to Show Hidden Text)

Achondroplasia...isn't that Nationals only?

[alexamezaga1]

Yay!

Question (Click to Show Hidden Text)

Diagnose Bob's condition:

Bob is a 35-year old with severely shortened limbs. He has a unusually large forehead, and he has stubby fingers and trident hands. His X-ray reveals he has a smaller skull base and a narrower foramen magnum. His doctors tell him this is no cure for his condition, but they recommend surgery for his kyphosis. What is his condition?

Answer (Click to Show Hidden Text)

Achondroplasia...isn't that Nationals only?

Yeah, but a majority of teams are preparing for nationals already

[sciolyFTW_aku]

Yay!

Question (Click to Show Hidden Text)

Diagnose Bob's condition:

Bob is a 35-year old with severely shortened limbs. He has a unusually large forehead, and he has stubby fingers and trident hands. His X-ray reveals he has a smaller skull base and a narrower foramen magnum. His doctors tell him this is no cure for his condition, but they recommend surgery for his kyphosis. What is his condition?

Answer (Click to Show Hidden Text)

Achondroplasia...isn't that Nationals only?

Yeah, but a majority of teams are preparing for nationals already

Yea, and it's always good to be prepared. Anyways, that's correct!

[bhavjain]

List the T-score ranges for normal, ostopenia, and osteoporosis.

[Uber]

List the T-score ranges for normal, ostopenia, and osteoporosis.

. (Click to Show Hidden Text)

Normal: >-1 ; Osteopenia -1 - -2.5 ; Osteoporosis <-2.5

[bhavjain]

List the T-score ranges for normal, ostopenia, and osteoporosis.

. (Click to Show Hidden Text)

Normal: >-1 ; Osteopenia -1 - -2.5 ; Osteoporosis <-2.5

Correct, except

change (Click to Show Hidden Text)

Normal is greater than or EQUAL to -1, and osteoporosis is less than or EQUAL to -2.5.