Disease Detectives B/C

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Who is considered the father of field epidemiology and why?

Answer (Click to Show Hidden Text)

John Snow is considered to be the father of field epidemiology because of his investigations in London to determine how cholera was spread, using statistical mapping methods to monitor distribution.

Yep, your turn

[Knyte_Xjn]

Who is considered the father of field epidemiology and why?

Answer (Click to Show Hidden Text)

John Snow is considered to be the father of field epidemiology because of his investigations in London to determine how cholera was spread, using statistical mapping methods to monitor distribution.

Yep, your turn

1) Differentiate between a cross-sectional study and a longitudinal study.
2) Provide 3 advantages for each
3) Provide 3 disadvantages for each
4) Provide an example of a scenario in which a cross-sectional study would be optimal and explain why.
5) Provide an example of a scenario in which a longitudinal study would be optimal and explain why.

[Birdmusic]

1) Differentiate between a cross-sectional study and a longitudinal study.
2) Provide 3 advantages for each
3) Provide 3 disadvantages for each
4) Provide an example of a scenario in which a cross-sectional study would be optimal and explain why.
5) Provide an example of a scenario in which a longitudinal study would be optimal and explain why.

answer? (Click to Show Hidden Text)

A cross-sectional looks at a certain point in time, like a snapshot of the health of the population of the time. Longitudinal studies follow a population's health forward or backwards for a certain period of time.

Advantages:
Cross-sectional: quick, cheap, good for rare conditions
Longitudinal: Good for rare exposures, good for diseases with a long incubation period, better for finding cause and effect

Disadvantages:
Cross-sectional: can confuse cause and effect, subject to confounding, responder bias is possible
Longitudinal: may suffer from participants failing to follow up, takes longer, expensive

If I wanted to know how many people got sick after a very large party, I could send out a survey to ask them. That is a lot faster and cheaper than trying to do a cohort study (type of longitudinal) on a ton of foods to figure out which one was the cause.

(prospective cohort) If I think that an activity, like being on different diets, can cause varying health effects, I would use a longitudinal to try to prove it because it would establish more cause and effect than a cross-sectional. Also, it could account for people that decide to change diets better since they can report when they've changed diets instead of just writing down two diets on a survey.

Please correct me, I'm really out of practice and I have tryouts soon oof

[Knyte_Xjn]

1) Differentiate between a cross-sectional study and a longitudinal study.
2) Provide 3 advantages for each
3) Provide 3 disadvantages for each
4) Provide an example of a scenario in which a cross-sectional study would be optimal and explain why.
5) Provide an example of a scenario in which a longitudinal study would be optimal and explain why.

answer? (Click to Show Hidden Text)

A cross-sectional looks at a certain point in time, like a snapshot of the health of the population of the time. Longitudinal studies follow a population's health forward or backwards for a certain period of time.

Advantages:
Cross-sectional: quick, cheap, good for rare conditions
Longitudinal: Good for rare exposures, good for diseases with a long incubation period, better for finding cause and effect

Disadvantages:
Cross-sectional: can confuse cause and effect, subject to confounding, responder bias is possible
Longitudinal: may suffer from participants failing to follow up, takes longer, expensive

If I wanted to know how many people got sick after a very large party, I could send out a survey to ask them. That is a lot faster and cheaper than trying to do a cohort study (type of longitudinal) on a ton of foods to figure out which one was the cause.

(prospective cohort) If I think that an activity, like being on different diets, can cause varying health effects, I would use a longitudinal to try to prove it because it would establish more cause and effect than a cross-sectional. Also, it could account for people that decide to change diets better since they can report when they've changed diets instead of just writing down two diets on a survey.

Please correct me, I'm really out of practice and I have tryouts soon oof

Looks good. Your turn!
Sorry for the late response!

[Birdmusic]

1) Differentiate between a cross-sectional study and a longitudinal study.
2) Provide 3 advantages for each
3) Provide 3 disadvantages for each
4) Provide an example of a scenario in which a cross-sectional study would be optimal and explain why.
5) Provide an example of a scenario in which a longitudinal study would be optimal and explain why.

answer? (Click to Show Hidden Text)

A cross-sectional looks at a certain point in time, like a snapshot of the health of the population of the time. Longitudinal studies follow a population's health forward or backwards for a certain period of time.

Advantages:
Cross-sectional: quick, cheap, good for rare conditions
Longitudinal: Good for rare exposures, good for diseases with a long incubation period, better for finding cause and effect

Disadvantages:
Cross-sectional: can confuse cause and effect, subject to confounding, responder bias is possible
Longitudinal: may suffer from participants failing to follow up, takes longer, expensive

If I wanted to know how many people got sick after a very large party, I could send out a survey to ask them. That is a lot faster and cheaper than trying to do a cohort study (type of longitudinal) on a ton of foods to figure out which one was the cause.

(prospective cohort) If I think that an activity, like being on different diets, can cause varying health effects, I would use a longitudinal to try to prove it because it would establish more cause and effect than a cross-sectional. Also, it could account for people that decide to change diets better since they can report when they've changed diets instead of just writing down two diets on a survey.

Please correct me, I'm really out of practice and I have tryouts soon oof

Looks good. Your turn!
Sorry for the late response!

It's fine!
List the five steps of surveillance and a type of surveillance.

[Knyte_Xjn]

answer? (Click to Show Hidden Text)

A cross-sectional looks at a certain point in time, like a snapshot of the health of the population of the time. Longitudinal studies follow a population's health forward or backwards for a certain period of time.

Advantages:
Cross-sectional: quick, cheap, good for rare conditions
Longitudinal: Good for rare exposures, good for diseases with a long incubation period, better for finding cause and effect

Disadvantages:
Cross-sectional: can confuse cause and effect, subject to confounding, responder bias is possible
Longitudinal: may suffer from participants failing to follow up, takes longer, expensive

If I wanted to know how many people got sick after a very large party, I could send out a survey to ask them. That is a lot faster and cheaper than trying to do a cohort study (type of longitudinal) on a ton of foods to figure out which one was the cause.

(prospective cohort) If I think that an activity, like being on different diets, can cause varying health effects, I would use a longitudinal to try to prove it because it would establish more cause and effect than a cross-sectional. Also, it could account for people that decide to change diets better since they can report when they've changed diets instead of just writing down two diets on a survey.

Please correct me, I'm really out of practice and I have tryouts soon oof

Looks good. Your turn!
Sorry for the late response!

It's fine!
List the five steps of surveillance and a type of surveillance.

Answer (Click to Show Hidden Text)

5 Steps of Surveillance:
1) identify, define, and measure health problem of interest
2) collect and compile data about the problem potential factors that influence it
3) analyze and interpret these data
4) provide these data and their interpretation to those responsible for controlling the health problem
5) monitor and periodically evaluate usefulness and quality of surveillance to improve it for future use
Sentinel Surveillance - Selected reporting units, with a high probability of seeing cases of the disease in question, good laboratory facilities and experienced well-qualified staff, identify and notify on certain diseases.

[Birdmusic]

Looks good. Your turn!
Sorry for the late response!

It's fine!
List the five steps of surveillance and a type of surveillance.

Answer (Click to Show Hidden Text)

5 Steps of Surveillance:
1) identify, define, and measure health problem of interest
2) collect and compile data about the problem potential factors that influence it
3) analyze and interpret these data
4) provide these data and their interpretation to those responsible for controlling the health problem
5) monitor and periodically evaluate usefulness and quality of surveillance to improve it for future use
Sentinel Surveillance - Selected reporting units, with a high probability of seeing cases of the disease in question, good laboratory facilities and experienced well-qualified staff, identify and notify on certain diseases.

Correct! Your turn!

[Knyte_Xjn]

It's fine!
List the five steps of surveillance and a type of surveillance.

Answer (Click to Show Hidden Text)

5 Steps of Surveillance:
1) identify, define, and measure health problem of interest
2) collect and compile data about the problem potential factors that influence it
3) analyze and interpret these data
4) provide these data and their interpretation to those responsible for controlling the health problem
5) monitor and periodically evaluate usefulness and quality of surveillance to improve it for future use
Sentinel Surveillance - Selected reporting units, with a high probability of seeing cases of the disease in question, good laboratory facilities and experienced well-qualified staff, identify and notify on certain diseases.

Correct! Your turn!

Explain what a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis are in the context of the chi-squared test and the process used to determine if a null hypothesis should be kept or refuted by the acceptance of the alternative hypothesis. Additionally, explain what happens if a null hypothesis is incorrectly retained or incorrectly thrown out.

[UTF-8 U+6211 U+662F]

Answer (Click to Show Hidden Text)

5 Steps of Surveillance:
1) identify, define, and measure health problem of interest
2) collect and compile data about the problem potential factors that influence it
3) analyze and interpret these data
4) provide these data and their interpretation to those responsible for controlling the health problem
5) monitor and periodically evaluate usefulness and quality of surveillance to improve it for future use
Sentinel Surveillance - Selected reporting units, with a high probability of seeing cases of the disease in question, good laboratory facilities and experienced well-qualified staff, identify and notify on certain diseases.

Correct! Your turn!

Explain what a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis are in the context of the chi-squared test and the process used to determine if a null hypothesis should be kept or refuted by the acceptance of the alternative hypothesis. Additionally, explain what happens if a null hypothesis is incorrectly retained or incorrectly thrown out.

Click to Show Answer

Null hypothesis: The default hypothesis, such as that two variables are not related or that the distribution is the same as stated.

Alternative hypothesis: The opposite of the default hypothesis, that two variables are related or that the distribution is different from as stated.

Using the chi-squared test, a value chi is calculated that describes the amount of difference between the sample and the model. The chi value is then converted into a p-value, which is the probability that the result or more extreme would have been obtained given that the null hypothesis. Usually, if the p-value is less than 0.05, the null hypothesis is rejected, and if the p-value is more than 0.05, the null hypothesis cannot be rejected, but this value (alpha) can be raised or lowered depending on the application.

A type I error is when the null hypothesis is incorrectly thrown out. This can result in precautions taken that were not necessary or medicine being approved that does not significantly help.

A type II error is when the null hypothesis is incorrectly retained. This can result in precautions not being taken that were necessary or medicine being rejected that does significantly help.

[Knyte_Xjn]

Correct! Your turn!

Explain what a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis are in the context of the chi-squared test and the process used to determine if a null hypothesis should be kept or refuted by the acceptance of the alternative hypothesis. Additionally, explain what happens if a null hypothesis is incorrectly retained or incorrectly thrown out.

Click to Show Answer

Null hypothesis: The default hypothesis, such as that two variables are not related or that the distribution is the same as stated.

Alternative hypothesis: The opposite of the default hypothesis, that two variables are related or that the distribution is different from as stated.

Using the chi-squared test, a value chi is calculated that describes the amount of difference between the sample and the model. The chi value is then converted into a p-value, which is the probability that the result or more extreme would have been obtained given that the null hypothesis. Usually, if the p-value is less than 0.05, the null hypothesis is rejected, and if the p-value is more than 0.05, the null hypothesis cannot be rejected, but this value (alpha) can be raised or lowered depending on the application.

A type I error is when the null hypothesis is incorrectly thrown out. This can result in precautions taken that were not necessary or medicine being approved that does not significantly help.

A type II error is when the null hypothesis is incorrectly retained. This can result in precautions not being taken that were necessary or medicine being rejected that does significantly help.

Correct! Your turn